LeDuc J. Strenthening national preparedness for smallpox; an update. Legrand, J. Linzer, D. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. September 19, , A Mack, T. Smallpox in Europe, — A different view of smallpox and vaccination. Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan I: acquired immunity and the distribution of disease. Mahy, B. An overview on the use of a viral pathogen as a bioterrorism agent: why smallpox?
Antiviral Res. Mangold, T. McCurdy, L. Clinical Infectious Diseases. McKenzie, P. Haemorrhagic smallpox. Specific bleeding and coagulation studies. Meltzer, M. Modeling potential responses to smallpox as a bioterrorist weapon. Moss, B. Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe, D. Mukherjee, M. Pattern of intrafamilial transmission of smallpox in Calcutta, India.
July 10, Government monitoring Philadelphia air for biotoxins. Sensors check for anthrax, smallpox, in 31 cities. Neff, J. Contact vaccinia—transmission of vaccinia from smallpox vaccination.
Neyts, J. Therapy and short-term prophylaxis of poxvirus infections: historical background and perspective. Olson, E. Panel urges shift of focus in preparing for smallpox. Shining light on dark winter. Accessed July 10, at www. Oxford, J. Smallpox bioterrorism unlikely: populations are easily protected. Basic Notes , March 25, Piller, C.
Smallpox strike called unlikely. The Los Angeles Times , December 13, Rao, A. Epidemiological studies of smallpox. A study of intrafamilial transmission in a series of infected families.
The Kothari Book Depot, Bombay. Roos, R. Scientists research antidotes to super mousepox virus. Ropp, S. Massung, R. PCR strategy for identification and differentiation of smallpox and other orthopoxviruses. J Clin. Sarkar, J. Virus excretion in smallpox. Excretion in the throats of household contacts.
Schriewer J. Methods in Molecular Biol. Seward, J. A, Rotz, L. Smee, D. A review of compounds exhibiting anti-orthopoxvirus activity in animal models. Smith, G. The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus. J Gen. Sofi, I. Real-time PCR assay to detect smallpox virus.
Sommer, A. The Smallpox outbreak in Khulna municipality, Bangladesh. Methodology and epidemiologic findings. Stevenson, R. Bush lays out plan on smallpox shots; military is first. Smallpox shots will start soon under Bush plan.
Talbot, T. Thomas, G. Air sampling of smallpox virus. Thorpe, L. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vrantseva, Y. US paper to face Russian lawsuit. Warrick, J. Iran said to be producing bioweapons. The Washington Post , May 15, , A Wehrle, P. An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other outbreaks in Europe. Wheelis, M. No one has gotten smallpox naturally since However, it is possible that variola virus the virus that causes smallpox could be used in a biological attack an intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops.
Public health authorities prepare for a possible but unlikely biological attack that uses smallpox as a weapon. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. See Table 1. Smallpox and Its Eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization; Page 4.
Post-exposure vaccination within 1 to 3 days after exposure to variola can prevent the clinical manifestations of smallpox. Vaccination within 4 to 7 days post-exposure can reduce the severity of disease. There is no currently licensed antiviral treatment for smallpox. Antibiotics may help treat secondary bacterial infections, and supportive therapy might also benefit patients. This vaccine contains live vaccinia virus, a relative of variola. On rare occasions, immunization with vaccinia vaccines can cause serious and potentially life-threatening reactions.
Because of the potential for these reactions, newer vaccines are being pursued. The U. In December the president announced the Smallpox Vaccine Program , to vaccinate voluntarily those persons deemed to be at highest risk should a smallpox outbreak occur, including first responders and healthcare workers serving on "smallpox response teams. Deployed military personnel continue to be vaccinated as well as laboratory staff engaged in work with vaccinia and related viruses. Since smallpox no longer occurs naturally, a single confirmed case is considered an emergency and will prompt implementation of federal and state smallpox response plans for surveillance and containment.
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Year Unless otherwise noted, all information presented in this article is derived from the following 2 sources: Henderson DA, Borio L, Grabenstein J. Smallpox and monkeypox.
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