It resembles the common weed mushroom Psilocybe stuntzii in having a membranous ring on its stem. Psilocybe fimetaria. These are little brown mushrooms or LBMs that grow in conifer debris and litter along trails and logging roads in second growth forest lands. They may also be found in landscaped areas in conifer mulch.
It is a low potency species that resembles many other LBMs of the forest, including some potentially poisonous Galerina species. Eating this mushroom is not recommended. Psilocybe pelliculosa. It grows from dead grass roots and is especially common in wet pastures where the grass roots form a heavy thatch. It can thrive in grazed fields but is not associated with animal dung. It can also grow in lawns and playing fields in wet coastal areas.
Psilocybe semilanceata. Photos by Chris Ashurst and Stan Czolowski. This is a common weed species of urban and suburban landscapes sometimes growing in large quantities in recently established lawns and plantings in woodchip mulch or where the soils contain woody materials. This mushroom is very low in potency and closely resembles some deadly Galerina species which often grow in the same habitat.
This species closely resembles the Liberty Cap but lacks the exaggerated pointy nipple typical of Psilocybe semilanceata and has a heavy zone of veil fibrils around the stem. During this same period, amateur mycologists in North America began practicing a form of guerrilla wild-crafting of native psilocybin-species across rural, urban, and periurban landscapes. As Anna Tsing has shown us, mushrooms thrive at the edges, in disturbed habitat, following the worlds we humans create.
This is especially true for psilocybin-active species. Cultivators found ways to situate hybrid practices within this interstitial realm. Soon after psilocybin-active species were first publicized outside of Oaxaca, in , professional mycologists began finding them across the United States and Canada.
Psilocybe cyanenscens , difficult to cultivate indoors but more potent than P. By the s, amateur mycologists had begun using this human—fungal dynamic to their advantage in cultivating native species and in conceptualizing cultivation in general. As fungi exploit the affordance of our animal motility, we exploit the fungal affordances of illegibility, ambiguity, and dissimulation. Cultivators took cues from fungal life and its airborne strategy of random scattering.
Fungal logics of dispersion, expansion, and invisibility were mimicked as mycophiles made themselves vectors through spore-printing their clothes or burying wild psilocybes in public parks. The modern nature-culture binary acts as cover for guerrilla inoculators: was it the person or the fungus that created that mushroom patch?
Such loose techniques carried over into makeshift home labs where familiarity and attunement to fungal life aided in new techniques. In Oakland, since decriminalization in June , workshops have been swarmed by aspiring cultivators.
They illustrate an approach to nonhuman life that is as much about the vernacularization of modern science as it is a critique or rejection of industrial modernity. Hofmann worked from fungal samples sent to him from the Sierra Mazateca region by R.
In fact, in just about every place there are humans, there have been shrooms. A paper published in in the International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms IJMM lists hallucinogenic species of mushrooms, though other sources claim there are as many as different types. The geographic diversity is just as impressive as the sheer number. On the other side of the oceans, Europe has 16 native magic mushroom varieties while Asia has 15, Africa has four, and Australia and some nearby Pacific islands are home to These mushrooms all have two things in common: the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin.
Psychedelics may not have been as prevalent as all of the stories make it seem, as detailed in a Vice story by Manvir Singh, who writes that modern stories about centuries-old psychedelics use in Central and South America are often exaggerated or fabricated for tourists. Rock paintings from 7, to 9, years ago that appear to depict psychedelic mushrooms have been found in the Sahara Desert, according to research printed in the Journal of Mind-moving Plants and Culture in The research also cites theories of magic mushrooms appearing in Bronze Age-era cave paintings in what is now Sweden, as well as in paintings in Siberia from the neolithic period around 4, BCE.
The evidence, however, suggests that the natural psychedelics were used for spiritual practices more than recreation. One of the most ubiquitous, and therefore one of the most popular, types of psychoactive mushrooms is Psilocybe cubensis , according to Psilopedia.
Former vice president of J. Morgan Chase popularized the strain in the US in after writing a story for Life magazine about an experience he had in Oaxaca, Mexico. It just so happened that the strain is both easy to find in nature and easy to cultivate at home.
Man-made strains like Penis Envy and Pink Buffalo can result in much higher quantities of psychoactive compounds according to Double Blind. The website Psilopedia lists Psilocybe semilanceata commonly known as Liberty Caps as the most widespread and the most potent variety of magic mushroom. Other popular types of magic mushrooms have a more limited natural range, according to Double Blind. Psilocybe azurescens Flying Saucer mushrooms are found almost exclusively in the Pacific Northwest, for example, while Psilocybe mexicana thrives in the high-altitude Mexican states of Oaxaca, Pueblo, and Michoacan.
The list of varieties that can be found in nature on multiple continents is just as long as the list those that are specific to a certain region and environment. Psilocybe cyanescens Wavy Caps , for example, grows on wood debris.
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